The Crucible’ by Arthur Miller: A Summary

?Ben O'Connor Mr. Richards English 10 January 11th, 2009 -Crucible Essay- The Crucible written by Arthur Miller was a story in which takes place in a town called Salem, Massachusets. This story was directed towards the topic of the witch trials of 1692 and how the people were effected by the deaths and horrific torture treatments. The Crucible portrayed the perfect description of how the time of witch trials were so curropt and unfair. In this time if someone were to blame another person of something then the person blamed would immediatly be guilty and thrown in Jail or hung. Is Salem many people tried accusing people of different crimes so that they could gain power aswell as land. Thomas Putnam was greedy for land because more land meant more power. Thomas Putnam had giles killed because he wanted his land, so he simply acused him of something which would result in his death from â€Å"pressing†. Also in the text a woman named Abigail Williams loves a man named John Proctor however John is married, so Abigail accuses Johns wife Elizabeth of being in the precense of the devil. This in the mind of Abigail this will bring her and John closer togather however it only makes things worse. As many will see this time in Salem was a very terrible time and from 1692 to 2010 we have come a long way in our nation wide governmental system. In this time period there were many people accusing others of crimes so they could gain land, covet their neighbors wifes, or husbands, and much more. A man named Thomas Putnam was a greedy man and was hungry for land. Putnam rode to the farm of Giles Corey and told him that a section of GIles property was his. Of course Giles objected to this statement, and Putnam rode off. Thomas Putnam then accused Giles of a crime that would have him killed. Giles is brought in and he states â€Å"Thomas Putnam is reaching out for land. † pg. 84. however no one believes this statement and GIles is soon killed by the torture treatment called â€Å"pressing†. Fair trials in this town are completly absent and when someone is accused of something serious the odds of them being successful are very slim. During the time period of the witch trials there were not only aqusations dealing with peoples land but there was also conflicts with peoples relationships. Abigail Williams was a women who loved John Proctor however John was married to a women allready named Elizabeth. Abigail tries to seperate John and Elizabeth by accusing Elizabeth of being in the presence of the devil. Mary Warren a close person to Elizabeth and John and she states â€Å"But i said I never see no sign of you ever sent your spirit out to hurt no one, and seeing I do live closley with you, they dismissed it†. g. 59. Even with this strong statement with a women who lives with John and Elizabeth, it is still not enough evidence to keep Elizabeth safe. Abigail desperatly wants Elizabeth gone and out of the way so that she can have John, so she brings along many other women to help her cause and this shows great evidence that Elizabeth is guilty even though she isnt. Abagail's wishes go unanswered, because John ends up being exicuted due to Abigail's actions. Mrs. Putnam was a women who had 7 babies, 6 of which died extremly young. She has only one daughter living and she feels that it doesnt make sense that this many children could die all around the same age, around the same time. Mrs Putnam was sad, however grows angry and searches desperatly to put the blame on someone. â€Å"I knew it! Goody Osbourne were midwife to me three times. I begged you, Thomas, did I not ? I begged him not to call Osbourne because I feared her. My babaies always shriveled in her hands. â€Å". Goody Osbourne is desperate to place the blame on someones sholders, so she is going around and blaming everone she knows. What she did back then which was blame others for her pain i believe still exists for individuals today. Today when an individual has an issue many of them pass the blame to someone els so that they can feel better. The time of the witch trials must have been a horrible time in history, especiall for the innocent victims in the town. The way that the government ran in that time period compared to now have completly changed. In trials now there must be more evidence, and trials are longer for thought process, and time to gather evidence. In 1692 it was as simple as if you were acused of something then you were automatically looked at as bad and guilty and you would soon be thrown in jail or exicuted. The witch trials were a terrible time in history, and many great people died simply because of peoples jealousy, or their greed for land. After this time period America learned a great lesson, that all American Citzens have the full rights to a fair trial. With out fair trials, and strict rules there would be complete a narchy.

Benefits of eating dark chocolate Essay

Although it seems too good to be true, dark chocolate can actually be good for you! Despite the fact that sweets are not the healthiest food in the world, dark chocolate, when consumed in moderation, has some powerful benefits, not only for the mood, but also for the body. However, only dark chocolate is beneficial for health, not white, semi-sweet, milk or any other type of chocolate. Most people think that everything chocolate-related is unhealthy and they always feel guilty after eating chocolate, even though it makes them feel happier. After eating dark chocolate you will feel the feeling of falling in love. In fact, it stimulates the production of endorphins, chemicals in the brain that bring on feelings of pleasure. Happiness may be a bite away, you just need some delicious dark chocolate. Dark chocolate is good for the body. The darker the chocolate is, the less sugar will contain. Eating a small amount of dark chocolate two or three times each week can help lower your blood pressure and it increases blood flow to the brain as well as to the heart, so it can help improve cognitive function. Dark chocolate also helps combat beauty’s public enemy number one: Stress. Less stress hormones mean less collagen breakdown in the skin, so fewer wrinkles. Chocolate can surely provide some powerful health benefits. Of course this does not mean that people should consume lots of chocolate every day. Therefore eat a square or two after dinner and enjoy the awesome taste without feeling guilty.

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argument - Essay Example For example, CI requires that a rational individual is moral if the end of their actions is to promote the good of all. Therefore, CI is the best theory in precisely articulating human reasoning and decision making, and relating these to free human will compared to other decision theories. Moral actions are indicative of rationality, with an immoral action indicating irrationality in an individual. A moral action has to be universal in that it has to stand true in any event anywhere. For example, stealing is immoral; it causes pain to the owner while it may result to pleasure in the one stealing. Causing pain is immoral as it leads to suffering, implying that such an act when committed by a rational being would be immoral. Stealing is thus a crime universally as it violates CI theory, which is a universal law of morals. Being a universal law, Kantian CI becomes the best theory that explains why individuals have to decide in a certain way. For example, considering the relational Diale cts theory in a similar case, the theory requires us to consider issues around us, which help people to construct meaning in any relation. Thus the theory is based on specific circumstances as it requires one to consider cultural and social rational systems. This implies the theory applies to multicultural diversity (Turner, 2004). Thus stealing according to this theory may be justified in some cases as it directs people to construct certain meanings in a specific setting of relationships. On the other hand, the how we decide theory is largely based on observable behavior from outside as one cannot access the mind of the individual. For example, asking why does a an individual steal would lead to detailed examinations of their behaviors and history in finding elements that may explain such behaviors in deciding if the individual is actually on the wrong. Such an observation may sometimes be inaccurate and may lead to a wrong conclusion. Therefore, the advantage of CI theory is that it is based on a universal law and is not relative as the other two theories, which depend on specific circumstances. The issue of personal freedom in making a decision is of much importance, and precisely bestows the responsibility of an action on the particular individual. As Kant’s CI theory explains, freedom is an important element in reasoning, whose function cannot be ignored. Thus, without assuming freedom, an individual cannot act (McCormick, 2005). In other words, an individual is not a robot or causal agent that only serves to implement orders. Thinking in such direction would deny humanity its own existence and purpose. Freedom is thus a central focus in decision making and reasoning; an individual is at will to decide in any direction. In this theory, Kant places the consequence of each action on the specific individual, and not on a system of events that may be explained to be the causal agents behind such an action. However, considering the how we decide theory, the major limitation is the assumption that humans are not rational. Thus, the theory traces human action not from the specific individual, but from a system of factors and history that plays to shape and define human actions. This would relegate humanity to being a causal agent that is not responsible for

Human sexuality (Topic is based on what you write) Essay

Human sexuality (Topic is based on what you write) - Essay Example Cases of sexual abuse have been reported in many parts of the world but the numbers on sexual abuse on children are alarming. Child sexual abuse occurs when an adults be it male or female uses a child forcefully or willingly to satisfy their sexual urges. The reasons as to why an adult chooses to assult a child sexually are very many and similary the effects of sexual abuse on the child are many. The processes of sexual abuse follows a progression that begins from winning the childs attention and trust, then creating a comfort zone for the child and later having sexual intercourse with the child . the progress cycle continues by the adult forcing the child to have sex with them continually and blackmailing the child so that he/she does not disclose the information. The child could either choose to keep the information secret or either disclose it a factor that affects the extent to which the harassment goes. Releasing the information could either liberate the child or burry them furt her into the act depending on the kind of person the child talks to and how the person reacts to the information. To control such situation education on sexual abuse on children should be given to all people so that people can know how to react to the situation when it gets to them. According to the National Abuse and Neglects Data systems(NCANDS), of all the reported cases of children abuse or neglection, 10% of the children were victims of sexual abuse(U.S.Department of Health and Human Services). Their data analysis done in 2005 showed that 83,800 children were sexually abused in a span of one year raising the concern of the situation. The number of cases are expected to be double the number since the larger percentage is of those who do not report the cases. Statistics from the analysis further indicated that the number of girls sexually harassed were more than that of the girls indicating that child sexual abuse is

Cisco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cisco - Case Study Example Secondly, he reallocated the IT budget distribution system with the intention that each functional department can control their budget according to their needs instead of gathering all the IT expenses under one head, that is, G&A expenses. Each department could fund their projects according to its priority. He dispersed a central IT leading committee and changed it with a structure which gave the line organization authority to take IT investment decisions on application projects. At network level, the customer advocacy group wanted to establish a customer interaction network which could use Cisco’s technology to route calls. Pete Solvik also established an intranet network for the employees. A web based online resource at Cisco.com was also developed for the customers. ERP system was introduced in Cisco by Pete Solvik to manage Cisco’s manufacturing process and inventories. Further up gradation to the ERP was done by Boston for integrating all the functional units of the organization. By the end of 2001, CISCO faced a turning point. CISCO’s had a decline in its sales growth. People started spending less on technological products due to the internet bubbles burst and also due to the terrorist attack of 11th September. Pete Solvik also left the company and a new CIO, Boston was appointed. The need for change in the company’s IT strategy was felt due to the dynamic business environment (The Pennsylvania State University, â€Å"Personal PSU†). The intention behind the implementation of ERP system was to standardize the information which was being used in the company. Nevertheless, as a result of the IT liberty given to the different functional areas of the business, they programmed their own non-standard functional applications to interact with the ERP system. With the amalgamation of these new modified applications onto the ERP system, it was no longer possible to

Essential Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Essential Marketing - Essay Example 6 5.Discuss and explain the rationale of the marketing mix variables used by Burberry 8 5.0.Product 8 5.1.Price 10 5.2.Place 10 5.3.Promotion 11 5.4.Process 11 5.5.Physical Evidence 11 5.6.People 12 6.Discuss and explain the rationale of Burberry’s use of digital marketing tools. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this approach? 12 References 15 Bibliography 17 1. Overview Burberry was established in the year 1856 by Thomas Burberry who is the regarded as the inventor of the gabardine raincoat. This particular product ultimately became one of the signature products for the organisation. The chief visions of the organisation are to attain significant competitive position over the competitors along with increasing the market share considerably (Burberry, n.d.). In the paper, the different business environmental factors, market segmentation methods and the various applications of marketing mix features will be discussed. Various aspects that include the execution of eff ective digital marketing tools along with its various benefits and disadvantages will also be depicted in the discussion. 2. Identify and explain the environmental factors affecting the marketing of Burberry 2.0. ... Al., 2010). For instance, the chief competitors of Burberry in the luxury market are LVMH, Gucci and others. Hence, it can be affirmed that the brand faces a significant amount of competition from other luxury brands which can be thus recognised as a major environmental factor that affects the marketing strategies of Burberry. In order to outrun these luxury brands, Burberry has been identified to often attempt to introduce an increased number of collections annually which generally ranges between two to eight annual collections. It is worth mentioning that the company also faces a steep competition in the segment of luxury accessories. In the accessory segment the major competitors of the brand are Chanel and Louis Vuitton. Thus, it can be stated that competition is apparently one of the significant environmental factors that significantly affect the marketing prospects of Burberry. 2.1. Macro Environmental Factors Another significant factor affecting the marketing strategies of Bur berry was the economic downturn that took place during the period of 2009. It was found by certain researches that in places like Spain and Japan, Burberry was perceived to be a premium brand rather than a luxury brand. These facts compelled the brand to implement certain cost reduction programmes during the economic downturn in order to attract the customers of the weaker markets such as Spain. The recessional stress acted as a major factor that affected the marketing strategy of Burberry and resulted in restructuring at several places. The economic downturn also compelled the company to include discount strategies in its marketing policies during December 2008. Several other government interventions such as licensing policies also

The importance of Occupational Health and Safety studies Essay

The importance of Occupational Health and Safety studies - Essay Example Government as well as private health sectors work hand-in-hand to ensure that appropriate measures are implemented to attain health and safety management in any construction project sites. Lifting operations involves wide range of lifting equipment and have been a causative factor in major injury, if not fatal accidents in construction industry. In April of 2007, the Construction Design and Management Regulations, otherwise known as "the CDM Regulations" were re-introduced. The said regulations aimed to ensure that stakeholders who are directly involved in the construction projects will comply with their health and safety obligations. It seeks to improve the entire management and synchronization of health, safety and welfare all the way through stages of a construction project in order that large number of grave and fatal accidents as well as cases of ill health will greatly reduce. Lifting operation can be defined as an operation concerned about the lifting or lowering (LOLER Regulation 8, 1998) of a load. The load can mean a person or lifting equipment which in turn refers to work equipment used for lifting or lowering of loads, attachments used for anchoring, fixing or supporting it are included. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations or LOLER (1998) supported by the ACOP and HSE Guidance Safe Use of Lifting Equipment applies over as well as above the universal requirements mandated by the 1998 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations with hazards and risks related with lifting equipment and also the lifting operations. The following are the specific requirements of the regulations: Every employer shall guarantee that: a) lifting equipment is of sufficient in strength and stability for every load; b) all part of a load and attachments must also be of adequate strength. Every employer shall see to it that lifting equipment for lifting persons: a) focus to sub-paragraph (b), prevents worker from being crushed struck or trapped, fall from carrier; b) prevent so far as is practically a person using it, as he carry out activities c) subject to paragraph 2, wear suitable devices to avoid the risk of falling; d) not thereby exposed to harm or danger.Every employer must guarantee that every lifting procedure involving lifting equipment is: a) correctly planned; b) appropriately supervised; as well as c) carried out safely. Before lifting equipment is placed into service by the person, it has to be thoroughly examined by the said person to check the defects, unless: a) lifting equipment was never used before; and b) if and when lifting equipment (for which an EC pronouncement of conformity should (example, the case of an affirmation under the1997 Lifts Regulations) have been represented, the employer has received the said declaration not more than 12 months earlier than the lifting

Professional bodies and ethical behaviors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional bodies and ethical behaviors - Essay Example According to the study conducted through the professional body of an organization, the organization is in a general position, to explain to its employees what is wrong and what is right. The professional bodies are endowed with the expertise and knowledge on how to deal with various forms of conflicts that may be existent in the organization. In the case of conflicts between the employees and the organization, the code of ethics comes in as a result, in an endeavor to solve the conflict, in a free and fair manner. Absence of professional bodies in organizations has proven total futility in solving employer-employee conflicts in the workplaces. Since the professional bodies have the experience in their jobs, they explain breaching of rules and regulations of the organization to the employees and follow up to ensure that they correct their previous mistakes. For any organization to flourish, an application of the values of the organization cannot be alienated from a successful shaping of the ethical behavior among the employees. Through the professional bodies in various organizations, Ragg indicates that these bodies are the best teams to explain the concept of values to the employees. Analysts and researchers argue that in most organizations that have recorded exemplary performances, the services of professional bodies have been incorporated in the implementation and explanation of the concepts of policies in the organization. ... Since the professional bodies have the experience in their jobs, they explain breaching of rules and regulations of the organization to the employees and follow up to ensure that they correct their previous mistakes (Mutch, 2008, pp.221). 2.2 Professional bodies and values of the organization For any organization to flourish, an application of the values of the organization cannot be alienated from a successful shaping of the ethical behavior among the employees. Through the professional bodies in various organizations, Ragg (2011, pp. 32) indicates that these bodies are the best teams to explain the concept of values to the employees. Analysts and researchers argue that in most organizations that have recorded exemplary performances, the services of professional bodies have been incorporated in the implementation and explanation of the concepts of policies in the organization. Consequently, employees have been indicated to operate within the confines of values of the organization, h onesty, commitment, and hard work amongst others. In the long run, thanks to the professional bodies, the organizations have enjoyed maximum cooperation from the employees. Minimal conflicts in the workplace mean that there is overall cooperation among all the departments in the organization. The performance, in terms of outputs, as a result, records an uphill trend, with the organization enjoying profits as a result. 2.3. Professional bodies and the law From time to time, organizations require the professional services, in relation to ethical behaviors of organizations. In one way or another, the organization will be required to seek information on whether what they term as codes of ethics comply with the law. Accessing professional information is only possible through the

Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide for Unit 2 Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide for Unit 2 Essay 1) What are the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found? Protons, neutrons, and electrons. In the nucleus and on the orbitals and sub-orbitals of the atom. 2) How does the Atomic Mass # differ from the Atomic #? Atomic mass # is the sum of all protons and neutrons in the atom’s nucleus. The atomic # is equal to the number of protons in an atom. 3) What is an isotope? Give an example (show how it is an isotope). An isotope is a radioactive form of an element or a form of an element with the same atomic # and the same amount of protons but a different atomic mass and a different amount of neutrons. An example would be deuterium. Its atomic number is 1 and it has 1 neutron. Its atomic mass number is 2 and it is an isotope of hydrogen. 4) Compare and contrast the 3 basic types of chemical bonds and give an example of each. Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen. Ionic bonds form between atoms with opposite electrical charges. An example of an ionic bond is sodium chloride. Covalent bonds occur when atoms share forming molecules. Carbon dioxide is an example of a covalent bond. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the positive, hydrogen side of one polar molecule and the negative side of another polar molecule. DNA is effected by hydrogen bonds. 5) Why is pH important in Anatomy? Low pH damage cells and tissues, alters proteins and interferes with normal physiological functions. High pH also causes problems, but occurs rarely. pH is highly important to anatomy because they intertwine with the internal maintenance of the body 6.9) Name the 4 main Organic Molecules in Biochemistry. Describe each one, and provide an example. What are the â€Å"building blocks† of each molecule? For example, protein = Amino Acid. The 4 organic molecules in biochemistry are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The building blocks of the 4 molecules are as followed: Proteins = Amino Acids. Lipids= fatty acid and glycerol. Carbohydrates= monosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides. Nucleic acids = nucleotides. 10) There are 4 levels of protein structure. What are the levels? How do the levels of a protein differ in structure and  function? The 4 levels of protein structure are: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The levels of proteins differ in structure in function as followed; Primary- the order of amino acids Secondary- hydrogen bonds form Tertiary- folds the secondary structure Quaternary- several tertiary structures together 11) Describe the structure of ATP and why it is important? Cells require energy to function. Energy is stored in high-energy bonds connecting a phosphate group to an organic molecule. Adding a third phosphate group to ADP and produces the high-energy-compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Breaking off ATP’s third phosphate releases the stored energy of the phosphate bond, providing energy for work. 12) Why is the plasma membrane important to cells. Plasma membrane is important to cells because it provides the support and protection that the cell needs and it also shapes the cell. 13-17) Name 5 cell organelles and their functions. Nucleus- the control center of the cell. Mitochondrion- converts nutrients into energy that the cell can use Chloroplasts- converts radiant energy into chemical energy Ribosomes- synthesize proteins  Lysosomes- responsible for the digestion of materials that are brought into the cell. They also break down old or non-functioning organelles. 18) Describe the structure of DNA.   DNA is a double helix resembling a spiral staircase, with sugars and phosphates as the side rails and nucleotide pairs as the steps. The two halves of the DNA spiral are complementary strands. 19) How does DNA differ from RNA? DNA stays within the nucleus of the cell while RNA travels. DNA has thymine and RNA has uracil. 20) Describe transcription and translation in your own words. Transcription is changing DNA to RNA. Translation  is changing mRNA to a protein. 21) How are mitosis and meiosis similar†¦..different? The result of mitosis is 2 cells while meiosis results in 4 cells. Meiosis deals with sexual reproduction while mitosis deals with asexual reproduction.

Place like home Essay Example for Free

Place like home Essay They say that there is no place like home. I could not agree more. Simplicity and respectfulness towards others are the key characteristics that I believe I have acquired in my home. Although at this point in my life I have been living long enough in the United States for it not to be foreign for me, I know deep inside my heart my home is still with Tibet. My parents have built a home that is affectionate, cozy, and has faith. We moved here in the United State when I was three years old, but to me it did not seem like I moved away from my motherland. My parents made it a point that I still develop and possess Tibetan characteristics that will make me stronger and impenetrable to unwanted experiences. My parents taught me that even though life is hard, as they were immigrants trying to adapt the American way of life, they will get by if they have the support of family. They never kept anything from me. I learned of their hardships and I kept these experiences with me. I wanted to learn how to adapt to the new environment myself and with my parent’s experiences as my guide. Seeing how my parents flourished in spite and despite of the challenges they faced everyday made me believe that nothing is impossible with faith and determination. Just like my parents, I am determined to be successful and to overcome any obstacles that I face. I kept the religious side of me because it has been one of my pillars ever since time immemorial. Faith has kept me going and this is another one of the most valuable lesson that I learned from my family, I know that my thoughts and my beliefs are much more conservative than others, but this I do not regret. It is with these characteristics that I learned to respect other people’s beliefs and I learned to understand this too. In the same way that they respect me and my own religion I also respect theirs. All of these I learned from my parent’s humble ways. Never did I hear from them any complaints about our ethnicity or about how hard they worked. Only do I hear about their success and their determination to give me a beautiful life. A simple yet fulfilling and beautiful life is what I did get from them. The environment that my family made for me taught me everything that I needed to know to survive in this day and age. I believe that one does not have to be present in the country where he or she was born into to carry on traits and characteristics native to them. I deem that even in the presence of a foreign land with foreign people, key traits can still preserved through the guidance and support of family, most especially the parents. I have learned to interact with my school peers and I learned how to respect our differences and realized that it’s alright to be different. The United States is a place where individuality governs the most and is something that most people are not afraid to show. My experience is something that I believe cannot be taught in the school and is a lifelong experience that I would like to teach my children in the years to come. This is something that they can learn from and incorporate in their daily lives.

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNs

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNs A novel approach for adaptive energy efficient transmission in WSNs S Murthy Vedireswarapu, Muni Bhaskar. Athikayala Shankar.T Abstract In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes work on finite capacity batteries. So, in order to increase network lifetime the mobile sensor nodes should be operated at low power. Hence, we need a novel approach for efficient scheme for transmission in WSNs. In this scheme, according to temperature changes the connectivity between sensor nodes is estimated by using open loop process, the network is divided into three regions based on closed loop feedback process which helps to reduce packets overhead in the network. Region dependent threshold on loss of transmitter power (RSloss) and present number of nodes in each region helps to adjust transmission power level according to changes in connectivity between nodes because of changes in temperature. This scheme achieves high energy saving than existing conventional method. Index Terms—threshold on transmitter power loss, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), transmitter power level. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) works based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. This standard operates at frequency of 2.4GHZ and data rate of 250 kbps. WSNs are used mainly in industrial, bio medical, security surveillance and weather monitoring applications. Each sensor node consists of: radio transmitter, receiver, sensing unit, processing unit and limited capacity battery [1] .Because of limited battery lifetime at each sensor node, the transmitter power level should be minimized to increase the energy efficiency and network lifetime of WSNs. In WSNs all the systems should be operate at low power to increase energy efficiency because it is an important concern in wireless communication. To collect data from different environments sensor nodes are deployed at different locations within WSNs. While the communication between sensor nodes they consume less power as sensor nodes operate on limited battery, and temperature effects the connectivity between the sensor nodes. So, we need to reduce energy consumption for communication between sensor nodes, and at the same time ensure that good connectivity between sensor nodes in order to increase network life time [2-4].we analyzed a new scheme for Ptlevel to efficiently adjust the connectivity between nodes due to temperature changes. This scheme improves network lifetime while maintaining good connectivity between sensor nodes. By using temperature sensor, the connectivity between each node is estimated in open loop process. Estimated degradation in connectivity is compensated by using closed loop feedback process in the new scheme. In this scheme we obtain less transmission power compared to existing schemes. II. LITERATURE REVIEW In algorithm of local mean (LMA), Based on number of received acknowledgements by the reference node the transmission Plevel is adjusted according to threshold transmission Ptlevel .It improves network lifetime but cannot estimate the link quality [5]. In other existing schemes based on RSloss, transmitter Ptlevel is estimated [6]. In other existing scheme closed loop feedback process is used for connectivity estimation .In this scheme each node aware of required Ptlevel to be maintained with its adjacent nodes. According to connectivity changes it adjusts the transmission power level [7].The above schemes cannot guarantee both low power transmission and good connectivity between nodes. The new scheme efficiently adjusts the connectivity changes according to temperature changes. Based on RSloss ,Ptlevel is estimated for all three regions for good connectivity between the nodes. III. PROBLEM STATEMENT In WSNs due to multipath propagation signal strength varies irregularly, the signal strength mainly depends on the transmitted power at any time. The reason for the variation in the RSloss .First the variation in signal strength according to distance due to multipath effect, secondly the environmental factors like temperature effects the signal strength. So the temperature is one of the main factors which affect the RSloss and transmission power level. Hence we need to compensate these parameters according to surrounding temperature variations. IV. SOLVING METHODOLOGY In this scheme open loop feedback process uses temperature sensor to detect the temperature variations. In closed loop feedback process, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted based on control packets overhead. Based on open loop and closed loop feedback process the network is divided into three logical regions: as high, medium and low represented with X, Y and Z respectively. In this scheme we use RSloss to measure the connectivity with relatively low overhead. Open loopnc(t) nd(t) Closed loop Figure 1: Block diagram V. ENERGY-EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION SCHEME. In this scheme, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted by the power controller by utilizing the current number of nodes and temperature sensed by each node. Temperature compensation is done in case of any changes in temperature sensed at a sensor by using the relation between temperature and RSloss. Transmission power loss due to temperature variation is given as [9] RSloss[dBm]=0.1996*(T[0C]-25[0C]). By using LSA the transmitter Ptlevel is obtained as follows [9] Ptlevel=[(RSloss+40)/12]^2.91 According to free space model the actual transmitter power level is obtained as follows, Ptr[dBm]=[ ÆÅ ¾*( Eb/No)*mkTB*(4ÃŽ  d/ÃŽ »)2+RNF]+RSloss Here number of nodes (N), distance between each node (d),signal to noise ratio(Eb/No), spectral efficiency(ÆÅ ¾), frequency(f) and Receiver noise figure(RNF). [9] The main variables are transmitter power loss and transmitter power in each region decides the working of working of algorithm. A beacon message is broadcasted periodically by the reference node and waits for ACKs. If ACKs are received from nodes, RSloss is estimated for division of network logically, considering region X with high RSloss, region Y with medium RSloss and low RSloss as Z region. Estimating of transmitter Ptlevel is as follows: If RSloss loss threshold then default transmitter Ptlevel is assigned. In other case if RSloss ≠¥ RSloss threshold and nc(t) ≠¥ nd(t) ,then threshold Ptlevel is assigned. For similar case with nc(t) d(t) transmitter Ptlevel is assigned. Minimum, Maximum and Average value of RSloss for all nodes present in the network can formulated as follows: RSloss(min)=min(RSloss(k)), RSloss(max)=max(RSloss(k)), RSloss (Avg) = (min(RSloss(k)) + max(RSloss(k)))/2 Then limits of the three regions are given as: [7] For region X: RSloss( X max)=max(RSloss(k)), RSloss( X min)= (RSloss(Avg)) + 2 Figure 2: Flow chart of reference node [7] To count number of nodes in each region, a counter is initialized with initially zero. For region Y: RSloss( Y max)=(RSloss(Avg)) + 2 RSloss( Y min)=(RSloss(Avg)) – 2 For region Z: RSloss( Z max)=(RSloss(Avg)) – 2 RSloss( Z min)=min(RSloss(k)) ; k ÃŽ µ N RSloss( X Threshold) = RSloss( Y Threshold) = RSloss( Z Threshold) = RSloss ­-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) Given that for all k Ɇº N, RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)≠¤ RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k) And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) ≠¥ nd(t)(X,Y,Z) RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k) Given that for all k ÃŽ µ N, RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) ≠¤ RSloss (X,Y,Z)(k) And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) ≠¤ nd(t)(X,Y,Z) or RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)>RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k) Estimation of Ptlevel for new RSloss is formulated as for all k Ɇº N, Ptlevel-new(X,Y,Z)(k)= [(RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)+40)/12]^2.91 The difference between Ptlevels assigned before and after the proposed scheme is denoted as Ptsave. Ptsave (X,Y,Z) = VI. SIMULATION RESULTS Figure 3: Transmitter power saved in region X for different reference node location. From figure 3, we can infer that, maximum Ptsave is 12dBm to 21dBm. When a reference node is at origin of the square region, Ptsave is constant around 1dBm. Figure 4: Transmitter Ptsave in region Y for different reference node location. From above figure, we can infer that maximum. Ptsave for region Y varies from 12dBm to 21dBm Figure 5: Transmitter Ptsave in region Z for different reference location. Figure 6: Transmitter power for different rounds. From above figure 5, we can infer that Ptsave for region Z varies from -20dBm to 20dBm. From figure 6, we can clearly observe that Pt lies between -84dBm to – 80dBm. VII. CONCLUSION By using this scheme the energy consumption of the mobile nodes is reduced in WSNs. This scheme uses both open loop control and closed loop feedback control process. The temperature changes are adjusted with the help of open loop process. By using these two processes the energy consumption of mobile sensor nodes is reduced by comparing with existing schemes. By dividing the network into three different regions we can prolong the lifetime of network and maintains good connectivity between sensor nodes.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

An American Dream; The inspirer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, but F. Scott Fitzgerald, a great man is reduced to a corpse because of a jealous lover. In the novel, the American dream is referred to time and time again. The fact that if one works hard, he or she will become rich and achieve their dreams is the notion that the American dream is based upon. In some cases this is true, but for every case where this has happened, there is a case for which it has not. For Daisy, Tom, and Gatsby, the American dream has become a way of life; spending recklessly and living an envious life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Gatsby, the spending on himself is not so much as great as the spending on others, in the hope to find his lost love, Daisy. By no means to Gatsby live a frugal life, but the possessions he has within his house are not as elaborate as one might think them to be. Gatsby started out as a nobody, and that was when he met Daisy. After he came out of the military, he went on a series of endeavors to become rich in a hope to win back Daisy, who had left him essentially because he could not provide what she desired. Most of the dealings that Gatsby had seemed questionable, and these suspicions were enforced by the amount of wealth he appeared to have acquired over such a short amount of time. â€Å"I was in the drug business, then I was in the oil business. But I’m not in either one now.†(Ch5, pg 95) This quotation from a conversation between Nick and Gatsby about Gatsby’s enterprises reaffirms the doubtful legality of his accomplishments. The fi rst impression of Gatsby is given by the larger-than-life house he possessed opposite that of Nick. However, the greed of Gatsby was much more selfless then that of either Daisy or Tom, because the majority of Gatsby’s spending was on elaborate parties in order to one day catch a glimpse of Daisy there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American dream of Daisy was no better or worse then the next person. The only difference was how she went about getting it. Owing to her immense beauty, Daisy would not have to work to achieve her American dream; she could simply attract a mate who already posses the wealth she would most readily spend. Throughout the novel, the reader is given the impression that Daisy and Tom share a happy relationship, but not more then a few times is talk of a child concerned, so it is a huge shock in the scene that Daisy beckons her child to come toward her.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS Invades Rural America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS has been a problem in the United States for many years now. However, many people view victims of AIDS as homosexuals or drug users; this is no longer the case. AIDS is now being spread through teenagers in rural America. Many problems have arisen from the increasing number of victim in smaller America cities where hospitals and doctors are not able to provide suffienct treatment because of a lack of funding and experience. Also, the young adults that have no contracted the virus are victims of emotional and verbal abuse, because small-town America is not used to dealing with the AIDS virus. AIDS has made it’s way into rural America and the people do not know how to cope with the new face of Aids, the hospitals do not know how to treat the patients and the cites have a huge financial burden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new face of AIDS is very hard for many small towns to understand. Jamestown, in northwest New York State, is the newest town in which one man, who was infected himself, succeed in infecting many teenagers with AIDS one at a time. According to officials, more than ten young women in Jamestown and surrounding villages had tested positive for the AIDS virus. â€Å"This new face of AIDS is not only young, female, and heterosexual; increasingly it is also rural† (Brownlee 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are greater amounts of support are related to higher numbers of coping strategies and a stronger likelihood of reporting a parent's cause of death as AIDS. It was noted that female adolescents reported more coping strategies than did male adolescents† (Dillon 1999: 183). Preventing the contacting of AIDS is one of the many steps today’s teenagers need to be taught in school. Children need to be taught abstinence programs. Abstinence programs are the best method of teaching children safe sex and not condoms. Stuart Berman believes that all abstinence programs are promising and should continue to be funded (Berman 1999: 1486)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using condoms gives adolescents a feel of security, which they should not have. Condoms give a sense of illusion, whereas, through condoms people are still able to contract AIDS and STD’s. â€Å"Suggestions for intervention include providing information about the illusory nature of some protective strategies and a focus on failing to protect oneself from STD’s† (Thompson 1999: 38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In rural counties across the nation, and especially throughout the South, AIDS cases are on the rise, sometimes at an alarming rate.

Outlook on Bullying- I Have a Dream

â€Å"Outlook on Bullying† â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. † Our unalienable rights must not be broken or destroyed by anyone’s judgments on how we are supposed to live our life. That is why I ask you ladies and gentlemen for you to stand up against bullying with me. This can happen to anyone primarily targeted simply because of their race, body size, sexual orientation, or any type of difference not accepted or judged by a group or a person.Bullying consists of different disturbances; physical, verbal, indirect, and cyber bullying. Physical bullying is considered any physical attack; kicking, punching, shoving, taking or damaging belongings. Verbal bulling consists of name calling, insulting, making racist, sexist or homophobic comments, remarks or teasing, just to name a few. I ndirect and cyber bullying go hand in hand when nasty, hurtful, rumors are spread behind a person’s back, now most common through any electronic media. Watch your thoughts, they become words. Watch your words, they become actions. Watch your actions, they become habits.Watch your habits, they become character. A character in which you will be defined as a helping hand, a bully, or the one being bullied. America should be a country where everyone can feel safe in which ever environment from public places, to school, to work. One out of seven students from kindergarten to twelfth grade is either a bully or a victim of bullying, and it is estimated that 160,000 students miss school every day due to fear of an attack. Would you want that fear to spread to someone close to you or yourself? In American schools there are about 2. 1 million bullies and 2. 7 million victims, statistics are increasing every day.Parents are the base of our beliefs and that is why everyone should be educ ated about bullying and taught morals to respect one another and be reminded of how difference is also good from a young age. â€Å"The world is a dangerous place because of those who do evil and because of those who look on and do nothing†. Nothing is the worst thing that any friend, teacher, or parent can do to someone in this circumstance. Only God can judge me, ( ) wouldn’t you want to live by this? Bullies have terrorized their victims enough, bullies and victims have had enough of living in their silent pain.Victims have had enough of the abuse and fear brought to them for being themselves. Victims have had enough of stereotyping and all the prejudice. I have a dream that people can wake up every morning without depression or suicidal thoughts hurting them. I have a dream that students have no fear in going to school because of peers. I have dream that no one has to hide in a mask of fakeness because they can’t express themselves. I have dream that people notice and lend a helping hand to a victim or a bully. That’s my dream that I hope one day can become true, and hopefully you will take a stand with me against this atrocious issue. Thank you.

Belonging: The Crucible

Belonging is a far-reaching yet complex idea that is powerfully explored in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. It illustrates a variety of aspects of belonging, where it can be compared and contrasted with ideas in other texts such as Oliver Parker’s film Dorian Gray and Oodgeroo Noonuccal’s poem We Are Going. These texts present ideas of power and isolation, which consequently lead to individuals either belonging or not belonging to the community. Through the use of a variety of literary, film and dramatic techniques, the composers can emphasise and convey the similar (or differing) aspects of belonging found in each text. Power is an evident theme in The Crucible that suggests it controls the fragile town of Salem. As such, an individual’s feeling of belonging is influenced by Salem’s theocratic and authoritative government. The characterisation of Hale allows the audience to realise this, as he immediately belongs and assumes a position of power. Initially, Hale is the driving force of the witch trials, as he represents the theocracy, is educated and possesses books that are â€Å"weighted with authority†. This feeds his ego as the ‘expert’ and demonstrates his ability to exert power onto the townspeople. He also stresses that â€Å"Theology is a fortress; no crack in a fortress may be accounted small†. This clearly shows that you either belong or don’t belong in the community, and that those who choose not to belong do so at their own peril. However, Hale’s guilt grows throughout the play when he realises the bitterness of the accusations and metaphorically describes his actions with â€Å"What I touched with my bright confidence it died, and where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up†. This evidently shows the extent to which Hale can exert power and his consequent feelings of guilt. Ultimately, Hale questions his faith and removes himself from the sense of belonging fostered in Salem. His assertion of â€Å"I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court! †emphasise his withdrawal from the community and decision not to conform. The same idea of power can be compared to Oliver Parker’s film Dorian Gray, and suggests that there can be devastating consequences when one allows themselves to be influenced by others in order to belong. Since Dorian possesses wealth, beauty and eternal youth, he is a powerful but vain character. Being a newcomer, Dorian wants to belong and so therefore, he allows himself to be influenced by Henry Wotten’s hedonistic way of life. When Dorian announces â€Å"Perhaps I should nail my soul to the devil’s alter†, he contemplates the idea of conforming in order to sustain power and belong. Dorian does eventually follow Henry’s example and becomes accepted by society. Parker also uses the technique of slow motion to emphasise this. When Dorian enters and announces â€Å"Well here I am†, time temporarily slows in order to accentuate his power and influence. Dorian’s friends, who are now old and bitter, are awestruck by the sight of him. As such, his sense of belonging is heightened due to the admiration and acceptance he receives from society. However, Dorian eventually develops a conscience and recognises he has led a sinful life. Parker uses the motif of a deteriorating painting to demonstrate this. The painting reminds Dorian that he should maintain his own values and firstly belonging to himself before belonging to society. As a result, he realises the negative consequences of trying to conform and loses his power by destroying the painting as a sign of self-belonging. Isolation is another idea explored in The Crucible, suggesting that indivuals can face barriers to belonging, which therefore lead to feelings of alienation. Abigail and her circle of friends are the ones who feel the most loneliness since they are young and unmarried. This forces them to secretly rebel and dance in the woods. For Abigail, the need for acceptance is shown through her affair with John Proctor. Miller juxtaposes love and lust to highlight their differences. Abigail’s exclamation of â€Å"You loved me John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me! † shows her repetition of the word ‘love’. However, Proctor only uses ‘lust’ to describe their relationship. As a result, the audience sees that Abigail is a character who is constantly rejected with a desperate need to belong. Furthermore, Abigail’s crying of â€Å"Child! How do you call me child! †emphasise her failed attempt at belonging, and suggests that the only way for a woman to be accepted in society is to be a wife. John Proctor is the opposite of Abigail and ultimately chooses not to belong. His words â€Å"I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. I am not that man† are metaphorical and signify his rejection of the Salem justice system. Although he believes he is unworthy of anything due to his affair with Abigail, Proctor eventually finds â€Å"a shred of goodness† in himself by maintaining his own values and choosing to belong to himself. His redemption is also shown through Miller’s stage directions. The drumroll crash and streaming sunlight in the final scene contrasts with previous scenes and signifies that he has done the right thing by choosing to die and belong to himself rather than sign himself to lies. In comparison to The Crucible, Oodgeroo Noonuccal’s poem We Are Going also conveys themes of isolation. Similarly to Abigail, the Aboriginal persona faces a barrier to belonging. The alienation of which the persona feels is due to the white settlers and the consequential loss of culture and identity. â€Å"Many white men hurry about like ants† is an example of a simile that suggests that the settlers are busy and stressed. This is a contrast to traditional aboriginal life, and shows the differing perspectives between the settlers and the narrator. Here, the juxtaposition of the two ethnic groups is parallel to Abigail and Proctor’s view on love and lust, and reinforces the idea of isolation. Furthermore, Noonuccal uses repetition, particularly with the word â€Å"Gone† to emphasis the lost feelings of belonging. Noonuccal writes: â€Å"The scrubs are gone, the eagle is gone, the bora ring is gone† to stress the loss of culture and connection with the land. The poem also uses collective first-person narration to give the audience a personal understanding on the frustrations of not belonging. â€Å"We are going† are the three words in the title and conclusion. It implies that the aboriginals are not welcome in their homeland and will let go of the past and their old ways. This echoes the idea of belonging to one’s self, which is found in The Crucible. Like Proctor, the aboriginals choose not to conform and decide to leave in order to preserve their individuality and â€Å"self belonging†. The Crucible exhibits situations where humans have the need for power and acceptance. These ideas of belonging (or not belonging) can also be compared in Dorian Gray and We Are Going through a variety of dramatic, film and literary techniques. Therefore, these ideas are delicately communicated with a greater impact on the audience’s understanding of the concept of belonging.

The Miranda warning

IntroductionFor even the most casual viewer of police television shows, the cry of â€Å"read me my rights† has been heard from the lips of accused criminals as frequently as anything else.   Beyond this statement, however, lies a real life drama- The Miranda Warning.   Where this warning came from, its true meaning and intent, as well as what the future should hold for The Miranda Warning are all pivotal questions which will be answered in the course of this research in order to better understand not only Miranda, but the overall American criminal justice system and its approach to the rights of those accused of crimes.What is the Miranda Warning?To begin, the origins of The Miranda Warning itself, as well as the actual verbiage of the warning, need to be understood.   Originally, The Miranda Warning came forth from the legal case of Ernesto Miranda, the focus of the 1963 Supreme Court Case Miranda v. Arizona   (Lyman, 2004).   Essentially, the facts of the case are as follows: Ernesto Miranda was arrested, accused of the rape of a mildly mentally handicapped woman.   At the time of his arrest, Miranda was not advised by the arresting officer that he had the Constitutional right to remain silent, to choose not to answer questions without an attorney present, and to not be forced to offer any information that would be used against him in any legal case.Eventually, Miranda’s attorney argued that Miranda’s confession to the crime should be thrown out of court, because it was obtained without Miranda being advised of his rights.   The original judge in the case denied this motion, but eventually, the Supreme Court ruled that the statements that Miranda originally made to the police should be disregarded because he was not read his rights (Robertson, 1997).   As a result of this pivotal ruling, a standardized warning, therein known as The Miranda Warning, was instituted by all police forces in the United States, and recited to a nyone accused of a crime before being questioned.   The full text of the warning is as follows:â€Å"You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions. Do you understand? Anything you do say may be used against you in a court of law. Do you understand? You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future. Do you understand?  If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. Do you understand?If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney. Do you understand? Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?† (Robertson, 1997, p. 161)  Ultimately, the warning was effectively made much shorter and easier for suspects to und erstand, presented as follows:â€Å"You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense.† (Robertson, 1997, p. 162).With The Miranda Warning having been refined and put in place, one would make the assumption that the rights of individuals are protected, and the police are safeguarded against having key evidence dismissed on a technicality, but the opposite is actually the case.   Further research has revealed pivotal issues surrounding The Miranda Warning.Pivotal Issues Surrounding the Miranda WarningThe Miranda Warning faces heavy controversy both from the viewpoint of the criminal justice system and the accused criminal.   For police and the courts, Miranda is sometimes argued against, as the claim is made that the Warning prevents the s wift investigation of criminal matters due to the lack of divulgence of important information during questioning that could literally save lives or property; this has especially become true in the modern era of terrorism, when foreign suspects, many argue, need to be compelled to give information immediately so that potential terror plots can be diffused before mass murder occurs.However, for the accused and the attorneys that represent them, Miranda is seen as something that is necessary in order to keep police from either misinterpreting the statements of suspects, coercing confessions out of suspects through psychological means, or by actually resorting to violence to literally beat a confession out of the suspect (Miranda’s Enemies, 2000).   Based on the two sides of the issue, the pivotal issue is clear: how can Miranda be used in a way that protects victims, aids law enforcement and promotes common order, while still giving accused criminals the entitlements of due pr ocess as guaranteed by the Constitution?   There is no clear answer to how this can be achieved, but on both the federal and state levels, the issue has been explored.States’ Views of the Miranda WarningSome states have taken a more generous view of the use of Miranda than others, resulting in cases being brought to appeal in the supreme courts of those states.   The landmark case in this regard, cited over the past several years, is Missouri v. Seibert.   The basic facts of this case were that police in the state of Missouri were reading Miranda to suspects only after they began questioning them, and they would then continue to question after the reading, in an effort to confuse a suspect.With this approach, the suspect, even if their statements made before the reading were dismissed, would still likely have some statements made after the reading that would be incriminating.   Calling this a â€Å"two-step† around the Constitution, this practice was eventually ruled illegal by a Missouri court (Leo, 1996).   This also brings up another important technicality- the need to provide Miranda to everyone being questioned by police, or only those who are officially placed under arrest.   The net effect of all of this is to greatly muddy the legal waters and make the use of Miranda, or the lack of it, a hot legal topic on both sides of the courtroom bench, so to speak.   Therefore, many states have looked to the federal government to issue universal decrees on Miranda.Constitutional View of the Miranda WarningEvery accused criminal has classically been protected by the Constitution, specifically by the First and Fifth Amendments as an example.   Essentially, all of the debates about Miranda have filtered down to a few Constitutional standards, which of course are not set in stone due to the dynamic nature of the American justice system, but are worthy of discussion in this research.   Generally speaking, the Supreme Court of the United States, based on cases like Missouri v. Seibert, has ruled that neither the accused in a criminal case, nor those arrested in a criminal case need to be â€Å"Mirandized† as it has come to be called.However, there is a caution to be noted- if the individual is not made aware of their rights, there is the possibility that statements they make can be dismissed in a legal case against them since the information was technically obtained in an illegal manner by the law enforcement personnel who obtained it in the first place (Nooter, 2005).   Again, there is a legal tightrope to be walked here, between what can be done to protect individual rights of accused and victim alike, while still serving the interests of justice and fulfilling the role of law enforcement in society.   A key question leads to the conclusion of the research- what should be done about Miranda?Conclusion- What Should be Done about the Miranda Warning?In wondering what should be done about Miranda, there i s something that needs to be laid out right off- there is no ideal criminal justice system, and the guilty will sometimes avoid punishment, and unfortunately, the innocent will be punished as well.   However, this being said, there need to be safeguards in place to make sure that the police do not falsely generate evidence against accused criminals, and as well, that the truly guilty do not escape justice.   Therefore, in closing, it is one humble opinion that Miranda should be kept in place, closely monitored as it has been.   While it is flawed in some areas, to discard it wholesale would be much worse than the present situation.ReferencesLeo, R. A. (1996). The Impact of Miranda Revisited. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86(3), 621-692.Lyman, M.D. (2004).   Criminal Investigation: The Art and Science.   New York: Prentice Hall.Miranda's Enemies. (2000, May 15). The Nation, 270, 4.Nooter, D. S. (2005). Is Missouri V. Seibert Practicable? Supreme Court Dances the â€Å"Two-Step† around Miranda. American Criminal Law Review, 42(3), 1093+.Robertson, D. (1997). A Dictionary of Human Rights. London: Europa Publications.

Computional Fluid Dynamics Through a Pipe

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION3 Method:3 Part 23 Part 33 Part 44 Part 54 RESULTS4 Part 14 Part 26 Part 36 Part 46 Part 5:6 DISCUSSION7 CONCLUSION7 REFERENCES7 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this assignment is to simulate a 3-D air flow in a pipe using Ansys CFX. The pipe was simulated under specific conditions. These conditions are air temperature to be 25? C (degrees Celsius), one atmospheric reference pressure, no heat transfer and laminar flow. The results from the simulation of laminar flow in the pipe were compared with the theoretical ones.Also the mesh was refined in the simulation to see if it is possible to get more accurate results using grid convergence analysis. Method: The pipe used in the simulation has dimensions of a 0. 5m axial length and a radial diameter of 12mm. The air entering the pipe, inlet velocity, is set to 0. 4 m/s at a temperature of 25? C and one atmospheric pressure. No slip condition was set on the pipe walls. The outlet of pipe was set to zero gau ge average static pressure. In CFX a mesh was formed on the pipe with a default mesh spacing (element size) of 2mm.Figure (1) and (2) shows the setup of the model before simulation was preformed Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 2: Mesh with Inflation Part 2 Calculating the pressure drop ? p=fLD? Ub22Equation (1) Calculating Reynolds number Re=UbD/? Equation (2) Friction Factorf=64/ReEquation (3) The results were calculated using excel, and plotted in Figure (3). Part 3 Estimating the entrance pipe length Le: Le/D=0. 06ReEquation (4) Having Re=UbD/? Equation (3) The simulated results of velocity vs. axial length were plotted in Figure (5).From the graph the Le (entrance pipe length) was determined by estimating the point in the x-axis where the curve is straight horizontal line. Part 4 Comparison of the radial distribution of the axial velocity in the fully developed region in the simulated model against the following analytical equation: UUmax = 1-rr02 Equation (5) The results were calculated using excel, and plotted in Figure (4). Part 5 The simulation was performed three times, each time with a different grid setting. The numbers of nodes were 121156,215875 and 312647 for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd simulation.RESULTS Part 1 Figure 3: Pressure Distribution vs. Axial Length Figure 3: Pressure Distribution vs. Axial Length Figure 4: Axial Velocity vs. Radial Diameter Figure 5: Velocity vs. Axial Distance Part 2 Having: Dynamic viscosity ? = 1. 835Ãâ€"10-5 kg/ms and Density ? = 1. 184 kg/m3 Reynolds Number Re=UbD? == 261. 58 Friction Factorf=64Re== 0. 244667 ?p=0. 965691 Pa From the simulation the pressure estimated at the inlet is ? p=0. 96562 Pa (0. 95295-0. 965691)/0. 965691*100 = 1. 080 % Part 3 Having Re=UbD? =261. 58 The entrance pipe length Le: Le=0. 06Re*D = 0. 188 mFrom the graph in Figure (3) the Le is estimated to be ~ 0. 166667 ((0. 166667-0. 188)/0. 188)*100 = 11. 73% Part 4 From the graph in Figure 2 the theoretic al velocity at the center of the pipe is estimated to be 0. 8 m/s. From the simulation the velocity at the center of the pipe is estimated to be 0. 660406 m/s. ((0. 688179-0. 8)/0. 8)*100= 13. 98% Part 5: Table 1: Percentage Error for Each Simulation Number of Nodes| Axial Velocity % error (%)| Pressure % error (%) | 120000 Simulated I| 13. 98| 1. 31| 215000 Simulated II| 12. 42| 2. 24| 312000 Simulated III| 12. 38| 2. 28|Figure 6: Percentage Error vs. Number of Nodes Figure 6: Percentage Error vs. Number of Nodes The percentage error for the axial velocity results from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd simulation were calculated and plotted in Figure (6), as well as the pressure result along the pipe. Table (1) shows the axial velocity and pressure percentage error for each simulation. DISCUSSION After the simulation was successfully done on Ansys CFX and the simulated results were compared with theoretical results, it was found that the simulated results have slight deviation from theoretical ones. In PART 2, he pressure in the simulated result differed by the theoretical by a 1. 080%, for 1st simulation. In PART 3, the simulated results for entrance pipe length, Le, differed from the theoretical results by 11. 73%. In PART 4, Figure (4), the simulated velocity curve is less accurate than that of the theoretical. In PART 5, meshing refinements and inflation were done to the simulation in order to getting better results. Figures (6) show with more nodes and inflation the accuracy of the results increases. Increasing the nodes gradually was found to be an advantage where higher or more accurate results were obtained.This is noted in grid convergence graph, Figure (6), as the number of nodes increase the pressure percentage error is converging to 2% while for velocity percentage error is converging to 12%. On the other hand, the percentage error increased with the increase of the number of nodes while the velocity error decreased with the increase of number of nodes. In Par t 2 the percentage error for pressure drop is 1. 080%, for 1st simulation. But when trying to increase the accuracy of the simulated velocity result by refining the meshing and adding nodes the pressure drop percentage error increases, as shown in figure (6).This is due to that Darcy-Weisbach equation, equation (1), assumes constant developed flow all along the pipe where in the simulated results the flow is observed to become developed father down the pipe from the inlet. This is assumed to change the pressure distribution along the pipe. CONCLUSION More nodes used in meshing will produce more accurate and precise results, as shown in Figure (6). Also the meshing plays a vital rule on the sensitivity of results in terms of the accuracy of these results. REFERENCES [1]Fluid Mechanics Frank M. White Sixth edition. 2006

Australian and Ireland Health Care System

Health care is one of the basic and central factors of consideration of any state. The 21st century is being affected directly or indirectly by a lot of deadly diseases such as cancer, heart related complications, kidney failure and HIV and AIDS pandemic. It is therefore, the responsibility of government and the United Nations to help in safeguarding the health of the corresponding nations. In this piece of work, the paper will focus on the Australian and Ireland health care system. A comparison of the two healthcare systems will be analyzed critically. Australia is located in Continental Australasia or Oceania while Ireland is in Continental Europe. These two countries fall under top ten in the best health care providers in the world (Hungerford et al, 2014). The paper will majorly dwell on the health policies, current issues, and problems faced in the delivery of services in the two nations. Moreover, comparisons and the contrast as per the health care country will also be explaine d in an explicit way in the paper. The two countries have the guarding regulations in the running of their health care. In both countries, the government majorly controls health care. In Australia, it is supervised by Australian Department for Health and Ageing (DNH) (Australia, 2006).It was formed through the Acts of Parliament in order to aid in giving the government the way things run or suggestions on what ought to be done in order to improve health care system in the country. This body was formed and implemented in the year 1984. After its implementation, the health sector in the country radically improved in both the public and the private sector. On the other hand, the government also facilitates Medicare in Ireland. It is the role of the Health Service Providers (HSP) of this nation to foresee the functionalism of the health sector and inform the government accordingly. It was founded in the year 2005 through the Act of Parliament (Lakeman, 2008) The formation was as a result of problems which had outlawed the government and thus the need for a special body was of great magnificent. In both the countries, Red Cross Society helps in delivery of blood in case an emergency arises (BRAITHWAITE,   HYDE & POPE, 2010). The main reasons behind the two states taking over the responsibility of providing and running of the health care fraternity was to prevent its citizens from over-exploitation from the private health care providers. Apart from that, the government realized that the need for provision of quality health care depends solely on their capability. Moreover, the challenges brought about by the rising cases of chronic diseases such as cancer was looming and thus the need to act swiftly was required. Australia and Ireland also wanted to be like other nations whom the role of running health care fraternity was the responsibility of the government. In both the nations, legal and ethical health care of the ageing population is involuntary. The old people have the right to whether accept to be taken to nursing home to spend the rest days of their lives or to remain at home. One realizes that, in both countries, the old people do not welcome the idea of being raised in nursing home. Most would like to spend their dying age at home since they feel comfortable because it is the place they have always been. According to statistics carried out, most feel that they are isolated by their children and the society when taken to nursing homes. Besides, women were found as the ones who preferred to be in nursing home as compared to their counterparts the male. It is estimated that 5% of the population in ageing stage live in nursing homes prior to their death. The retention and use of human biological contents in both countries is considered. This biological sample such has kidneys of the diseased or heart or even the entire body is allowed by their respective countries to be used as control experiments for testing of drugs among other medical tests. Despite of it being constituted, it is faced with a lot of ethical challenges. It is countenanced by the wider competing public interest as a result of its potential value. Human body parts are very expensive and rarely found and thus the relatives and the public take this as an opportunity to get back into the government financially. Additionally, some people are very religious to an extent that they believe in respect for the death. This makes them not to allow any body part of their deceased to be used in biological process. This has raised a lot of alarm and slowed down the medical research. Both countries have a constituted mental health law. According to this regulation, the persons of unsound mind are subject to detention in safe places in order to avoid causing of problems in the society in the event where the disease takes control of their capability. It is recommended that they are taken good care by the medical expertise during such times. It is also required that the predicament should be quite serious before one is taken to the hospital for the unsound. This is because in the case whereby one is subjected to that treatment and the problem is not that complicated the probability of committing suicide or being depressed is inevitable. It was also documented that before one is confined, the history of persistence in the disorder is provided. People who show that the unsound person had continuously shown the signs and symptoms are put into consideration since the evidence shows that one will be completely sick. In addition to that, the insane person is also given th e voice to talk on whether to be detained or not. It should be a voluntary decision especially for persons of maturity age and those who used to live a normal life in the past. Both nations are strict on how these groups of people are handled by the medical personnel (Mckenna, Keeney & Hasson, 2008). Patients’ autonomy policy is also a regulation governing the medical fraternity in both states. The patients have the ability to state that they want to be treated by whom, and the mode of treatment they should receive. They also have the freedom of engaging with the health care provider in relation to their health problem and on a wider range of issues. The patient also chooses which medication to be given and no medical personnel can force or compel a patient to take medications in which one does not want. The ill person can also dictate on the place one want to be treated from. This can be at home, school or place of work and the doctor has to follow without complaining and failing to do so; medical provider is subject to imprisonment. This is because it is seen as breaking the law (GALLEGO, CASEY, NORMAN & GOODALL, 2010) Permissibility of death is also discussed at length in the health constitution of these countries. A person who does not show any sign of recovering and i s suffering too much can be suppressed to die by the medics. This is only done in the event where the relatives agreed upon it and show it in writing and signing. This clause has received a lot of debate from humanitarian agents since life is very fundamental. According to Jones (2007), one should be allowed to die in peace instead of injecting drugs to discontinue life. Reproductive health and maternal health care also caries lot of weight in the health policy of the two nations. Mothers and girls have the privilege to deliver in hospitals of their choice. The parties involved should be specialized in order to avoid a complication, which comes with delivering. Both countries provide these services free of charge to all in any of its public hospitals. However, in the private sector, they subsidize this service in order to reach all at a cheaper and comfortable way. Another big concern is on the abortion-related matters (Milgrom, Heaton & Timothy Newton, 2013). The doctors have the mandate to perform abortion to the client given the state of the mother and the fetus is in danger. This faces serious ethical and legal concerns from humanitarian organizations. This is because most people believe that doctors have reached an extent of performing such for client of unwanted pregnancies brought about by unscrupulous behavior. Their respective governments are mandated with the task of financing the medical fraternity of Australia and Ireland. In Australia for instance, it is estimated that 1.5% of income levied from both Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and National Domestic Product (NDP) of the country is used in financing the health sector (Mckenna, Keeney & Hasson, 2009). The government of this country also has separate pharmaceuticals, which are state owned. This assists its citizens in purchasing of drugs at a cheaper price. However, in the point of excess the patient pays own medications unless one is privileged to have medical insurance. Similarly, the government of Ireland also provides health care free to its citizens. It is estimated that health care is financed through taxation of 2% of wages received by the working population. This money is used to improve health facilities and for purchasing of drugs used in treating patients in the hospitals. Furthermore, a patient pays for one’s medicatio n on point of excesses unless one has medical insurance. Children and dependent spouses receive medication free of charge in all hospitals. Australian and Irelands are provided medical care universally by their respective governments without discrimination on social class and so on (Embrett, Randall, Longo, Nguyen & Mulvale, 2016) Cost of technology is one of the major current issues affecting the health fraternity in both countries. The innovation of machines such has x-rays, chemotherapy equipment, and kidney dialysis machines have caused more than enough problems in the medical fraternity. These machines are subject to breakage, the manner of using is also very complicated since most doctors, and nurses’ capacity of using is still below the estimated quality. This has made these nations to spend too much in changing and training of medics on how to use the so equipment. Another current issue affecting this nation’s healthcare is equity for health provision countrywide. Despite of these being implemented countrywide, it is noted that only those people of high class such has politicians have the privilege to access quality health care. According to research carried out in one of the hospitals in Ireland, it was realized that there is a special ward, which is used in treating of dignitaries and t hose people who are wealth. Moreover, the way they are handled is special as compared to ordinary citizens. These menaces need an immediate address otherwise; the entire health sector will soon diminish (Kowalchuk, 2011). The pandemic brought about by chronic diseases is also seriously eating on the government. This has majorly being as a result of change in demography. The working population is bound to contract chronic disease and thus the spending on medical care on the government and the dependent population escalates. This leads to much spending on unprofitable ventures and in return the concentration on nation building matters are left in the hand of international donors such world bank (RIPPON, 2000). The degree on persistence on quality and safety concerns in the health sector is looming in both countries. This is as a result of serious reparations a nation is bound to face in case one fails to provide quality health care as required by World Health Organization (WHO) (Metcalf et al, 2016). This has caused immense struggle among them in order to meet these standards. This in the long run paralyses other important sectors of the economy and pulls back the economy of a nation. Besides, the cost of providing health increases day by day (MOHRMAN & SHANI, 2010). This is attributed to continuous change in climatic conditions making most people to be vulnerable to diseases. This causes a massive expenditure by the government and their citizens. The problem emanating from uncertainties on how to balance between public and private health care fraternities is strongly hitting on the government. Most private investors more so the doctors have realized that health fraternity is very profitab le. This has caused majority of them to compete with the government in this field. Some have even left their jobs in public sector to run their own business (MITCHELL, 2009). This has caused a big gap which is needed to be filled as soon as   possible otherwise the tyranny of health care will fail the sooner. Governments from the two countries experiences big problems while trying to bring about balance in these two sectors providing health (VAN, CLARKE, SAVAGE E & HALL, 2008). According to Varley (2016), primary health is defined as health provided at the grass root level. It is provided by different groups both qualified or unqualified health providers. The similarity between the two nations is that both of them have this method of running health care facility in place. It is majorly provided at home or a region where a large population is concentrated. The parties involved are the government, private and non-governmental organizations. Their main agenda is to deal with factors such has drug abuse, asthma, and cancer and sex educations. This is because a person needs holistic health, social welfare, and educational needs (VAN, CLARKE, SAVAGE & HALL, 2008) The difference in primary care between Australia and Ireland in that, Ireland is specific on the geographical location a number to be administered by a certain group of health personnel. It is estimated that they should deal with a population ranging 7000 to 10,000. On the other hand, Australian bases on the communities or social sites without any specific number of persons being targeted. In both the countries, health care is provided equally to all citizens free of charge. Every citizen is subjected to be treated in any public hospital where one specifies without a big deal. In this universal health, the government finances through taxes from the wages and incomes of the working population (Liamputtong, 2011). The patient pays the excess amount required in medical care or the insurance if at all one has subscribed to any. This distinctive feature between these two countries as far as universal health care is concerned is that, in Australia, the government owns pharmaceuticals outlet, which are used by the common citizens to buy drugs (McMurray & Clendon, 2014). This was intended to prevent overexploitation since majority of private organizations sell at a high price, which is not affordable to the common citizen. On the other hand, the Ireland government does not have such projects and thus their citizens solely depends the private sectors. The living standards of majority of citizens of these nations have been constantly doing well and have improved tremendously. This is because when one is healthy, everything sounds good and even morale of working or doing business is negotiable. However, according to international reports health care in Australia is far much better than that of Ireland (Guzys & Petrie, 2013). This is because the dedication extends of Australian medics is of high magnitude as compared to Ireland. Health care is paramount to all citizens. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that their citizens have quality health care in order to counter on the challenges brought by disease pandemic. Moreover, the nations should work together in helping structure health care across the eight world continents in order to reduce human suffering caused by diseases. Australia. (2006). Aged care in Australia. Canberra, A.C.T.: Dept. of Health and Ageing. Biswas, R., Sturmberg, J., Martin, C. M., Ganesh, A. U. J., Umakanth, S. U. J., & Lee, E. W. H. (January 01, 2011). Persistent Clinical Encounters in User Driven E-Health Care. Braithwaite, J., Hyde, P., & POPE, C. (2010).  Culture and climate in health care organizations. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=578807. Embrett, M. G., Randall, G. E., Longo, C. J., Nguyen, T., & Mulvale, G. (2016). Effectiveness of Health System Services and Programs for Youth to Adult Transitions in Mental Health Care: A Systematic Review of Academic Literature. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.43, 259-269. Gallego G, Casey R, NORMAN R, & GOODALL S. (2011). Introduction and uptake of new medical technologies in the Australian health care system: a qualitative study.Health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands).  102, 2-3. Guzys, D., & Petrie, E. (2013). An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hungerford, C., Hodgson, D., Clancy, R., Monisse-Redman, M., Bostwick, R., & Jones, T. (2014). Mental health care: An introduction for health professionals in Australia. Jones, D. A., & Roy, C. (2007). Nursing knowledge development and clinical practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Kowalchuk, L. (2011). Multisectoral Movement Alliances and Media Access: Salvadoran Newspaper Coverage of the Health Care Struggle. Latin American Politics and Society. 52, 107-135. Lakeman, R. (2008). Family and carer participation in mental health care: perspectives of consumers and carers in hospital and home care settings. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 15, 203-211. Liamputtong, P. (November 03, 2011). Folk healing and health care practices in Britain and Ireland: Stethoscopes, wands and crystals. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33, 7, 1114-1115. McMurray, A., & Clendon, J. (2014). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Mckenna, H., Keeney, S., & Hasson, F. (2009). Health care managers’ perspectives on new nursing and midwifery roles: perceived impact on patient care and cost effectiveness. Journal of Nursing Management. 17, 627-635. Milgrom, ,. P., Heaton, L. J., & Timothy Newton, J. (2013). Different Treatment Approaches in Different Cultures and Health-Care Systems. 183-199. Mitchell, P. (2009). Mental health care roles of non-medical primary health and social care services.  Health & Social Care in the Community.  17, 71-82. Metcalf, D., Parsons, D., & Bowler, P. (March 02, 2016). A next-generation antimicrobial wound dressing: a real-life clinical evaluation in the UK and Ireland. Journal of Wound Care, 25, 3, 132-138. Mohrman, S. A., & Shani, A. B. (2012). Organizing for sustainable health care. Bingley, U.K., Emerald. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10589740. Rippon, T. J. (2000). Aggression and violence in health care professions. Journal of Advanced Nursing.   Ã‚   31, 452-460. SoÃÅ'ˆDerbaÃÅ'ˆCk, M., Coyne, I., & Harder, M. (2011). The importance of including both a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   child perspective and the child's perspective within health care settings to provide truly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   child-centred care.  Journal of Child Health Care.  15, 99-106. Van Doorslaer E, Clarke P, Savage E, & Hall J. (2008). Horizontal inequities in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Australia's mixed public/private health care system.  Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands).  86, 97-108. Varley, E. (June 01, 2016). Abandonments, Solidarities and Logics of Care: Hospitals as Sites of Sectarian Conflict in Gilgit-Baltistan. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry : an International Journal of Cross-Cultural Healthresearch, 40, 2, 159-180. Getting academic assistance from

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